球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中细菌群落多样性分析

球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中生长差异明显,在完全灭菌的一级培养中生长最佳,在未灭菌的三级培养中生长最差。为揭示培养过程中藻际细菌群落多样性与其生长差异的相关性,以球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为研究对象,利用Illumina HiSeq平台通过高通量测序的方法对球等鞭金藻三级培养过程中细菌群落多样性进行研究。结果表明,一、二、三级培养组之间的藻际细菌群落组成差异明显。Shannon和Simpson指数分析说明,一级培养组中细菌群落多样性显著低于二级和三级培养组。MetaStat分析发现,一级和三级培养组之间存在两株丰度显著差异的细菌,其中麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)在三级培养下丰度显著高于一级,而红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis)相反。进一步通过2216E平板涂布法分离并鉴定了麦氏交替单胞菌等17株球等鞭金藻藻际环境细菌;系统进化树构建结果显示,整个进化树分成13个分支,分别对应13个属,包括交替单胞属(Alteromonas)、假交替单胞属(Pseudoalteromonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)等。本研究结果为探索藻菌互作机理奠定了基础,有助于提高水产养殖过程中球等鞭金藻的产量和质量。     

博斯腾湖沉积物氨氧化细菌的筛选与鉴定

为了解干旱区淡水湖泊沉积物微生物在氨氧化中的功能,利用铵盐培养基对博斯腾湖不同深度沉积物进行驯化培养,结合水环境因子分析混合菌株产亚硝酸盐能力,从中分离纯化氨氧化细菌并对其氨转化能力进行试验。结果表明,6个采样位点12个样品中,11号位点深层沉积物(20～40 cm)混合菌株能有效利用铵盐产生亚硝酸盐,且连续6 d稳定维持其质量浓度高达20 mg/L以上。进而,从该混合菌液中分离得到30株单菌,其中有2株呈现出明显的氨氧化细菌特性。通过16S rRNA基因序列比对及形态学分析分别鉴定其为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus)和赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber)。     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

社群丰容对圈养小熊猫区域分配的影响

为探索社群丰容对重庆动物园圈养小熊猫行为区域分配的影响,2014年1月—2015年2月,用目标动物取样法对比观察春季、夏季、秋季、冬季社群丰容前后圈养小熊猫区域分配。结果表明:社群丰容增加了小熊猫对栖架、树上的利用,减少了内室和裸露地面和近游客区域的利用。树上利用的最大占比值在夏季,丰容增加了11.1%;栖架的利用最大占比值在春季,丰容增加了2.8%;冬季对内室的利用占比值最高,丰容后,其利用占比减少了8.4%,从而相应增加了小熊猫户外停留时间;丰容后,小熊猫对裸露地面的最大利用占比值减少了3.7%,近游客区域最大占比值减少了5.6%。小熊猫对六大区域的最高利用占比,丰容前后没有变化,最高为树上,最少为裸露地面。     

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.     

沼液淹没土壤抑制根结线虫及对土壤线虫群落的影响

为探索沼液抑制根结线虫的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,以番茄为试供作物,对比了种植前沼液淹没土壤(BSS)、种植期间浇灌沼液(BS)和加热(HE)3种方法对根结线虫的防控效果。结果表明,与不采取任何措施的对照(CK)处理相比, BSS处理抑制根结线虫效果最为明显,防效高达97.1%,根结指数分别比HE和BS处理降低96.9%和92.9%。HE处理尽管在处理土壤后显著降低了根结线虫数量,但在最后破坏性取样时(结束试验)出现反弹,根结线虫数量甚至高于CK处理。对于土壤线虫群落,CK处理中以植食性线虫为主(81.8%);两个沼液处理中食细菌线虫占优势(平均78.3%),且其中的杂食捕食性线虫在土壤前处理后消失,在试验结束时又重新出现,但所占比例依然非常低。沼液淹水方式的高效防控效果揭示了利用沼液防控根结线虫的关键期在于线虫入侵到植物根部之前的幼虫期。然而,在盆栽系统中,沼液淹水的方式也对作物生长表现出了一定的抑制趋势。高量沼液施用防控病害的同时引发的植物毒害作用以及环境污染风险,需要进一步开展田间研究。     

益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917抗逆性能、猪肠上皮细胞黏附率及抑菌效果研究

本试验旨在研究益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917(Ec N)抗逆性能、猪肠上皮细胞黏附率及抑菌效果。采用体外法对Ec N进行生长曲线绘制和耐酸、耐胆盐、耐热性能的测定;以猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2细胞为体外细胞模型,考察了Ec N对该细胞的黏附率以及对致病菌大肠杆菌K88的黏附抑制率;同时通过蛋白质印迹法检测了Ec N对IPEC-J2细胞β-防御素-2和Toll样受体4的水平的影响。结果表明:1)Ec N对高酸、高胆盐和高温环境具有一定耐受能力。2)Ec N对IPEC-J2细胞的黏附作用以对数期最佳,黏附率达33.96%,显著高于迟缓期、稳定期和衰亡期(P0.05)。3)Ec N对致病菌大肠杆菌K88具有良好的抑制效果,黏附抑制率达87.84%。4)Ec N还能上调IPEC-J2细胞β-防御素-2和Toll样受体4水平。结果提示,益生菌Ec N具有较好的抗逆性能,能够良好地黏附猪肠上皮细胞,对致病菌大肠杆菌K88具有良好的抑制作用。     

芒果细菌性黑斑病研究现状及展望

细菌性黑斑病严重影响芒果产量和商品质量, 是芒果生产上的重要生物灾害之一。该病由野油菜黄单胞菌芒果致病变种（Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae）引起，几乎遍布热带亚热带芒果产区，常造成严重经济损失。本文主要综述了芒果细菌性黑斑病的症状、分布与危害、发生规律、防治方法、病原及其遗传多样性和检测技术等方面的研究进展，以期为该病的进一步研究及有效控制提供参考。     

Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features

Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further.